Manataka American Indian Council

HISTORY.... 

Some Distant Wilderness

WOMEN'S CIRCLE 

Fry Bread (nutrition)
By Tantri Wija, The New Mexican

My concern is that so many natives consider it Traditional food.  It came from commodities an effort to kill off Natives through nutritional genocide.

It may be a cliché to say that wherever one finds North American Indians, one finds frybread, but it isn't necessarily untrue.

Whether or not one believes the simple fried dough has a genuine place in a tribe's traditions, almost every Native American gathering features the soft, often sugar-dusted dough.

The role of frybread in American Indian culture dates to the second half of the 19th century, when tribes forced to move to reservations were given "commodities" - or government rations - consisting largely of flour and lard. With these unfamiliar, limited and nutrition-poor ingredients, they created frybread and adopted it as a dietary staple.

According to Joyce Begay-Foss, the director of education at the Museum of Indian Arts & Culture, "(Frybread) was a survival food that came out of being rounded up and put in captivity and given commodities that (American Indians) weren't used to having. (The government) even gave them coffee beans, and they weren't used to coffee. It made them sick.

"They struggled to figure out what to do with flour and lard and things that they weren't used to eating," Begay-Foss, a Navajo, said. "And that totally changed their diet."

Most cultures have some version of a simple fried dough; frybread is not all that different from a doughnut, a beignet, a sopaipilla, a buńuelo, a johnnycake or a poori, for example.

Indian frybread also is similar to the fried dough that American settlers ate while crossing the prairie on their way west. In John Steinbeck's novel The Grapes of Wrath, the impoverished, itinerant Okies eat fried dough for every meal.

Frybread also has become popular in the larger American culture. The Cheesecake Factory - a national casual-dining chain - has frybread on its menus, and one can sometimes find it, dressed up in truffles or gourmet chocolate, among the selections of some of the pricier restaurants around town. Ironically, even the government has officially recognized frybread: It was named the state bread of South Dakota in 2005.

Though eating fried dough is not unique to American Indians, many permutations of the dish are distinctively Native. In New Mexico, for example, one can order a Navajo burger - a burger folded in frybread - and Navajo or Indian tacos - frybread topped with beans, cheese, lettuce, meat and other savory fillings. The replacement of the tortilla with the round frybread is distinctive to Southwestern tribes.

Health controversy
What is also uniquely Native is frybread's role in the history - past and present - of the people who consume it. Indian frybread has lately come under fire for its unhealthiness as well as its cultural implications.

In her January 2005 article in Indian Country Today, American Indian activist Susan Harjo asked her fellow Indians to abstain from frybread because it contributes to the high obesity rates on reservations and, as she put it, gives the impression of Natives as "simple-minded people who salute the little grease bread and get misty-eyed about it."

Harjo is referring to frybread's origins as a product of government rations, implying that by continuing to consume frybread every day, Americans Indians are perpetuating the indignities thrust upon them in the past.

"If frybread were a movie, it would be hard-core porn," Harjo writes.  "No redeeming qualities. Zero nutrition."  

Not everyone would agree with Harjo.

 
Lois Ellen Frank, author of the award-winning cookbook Foods of the Southwest Indian Nations, is part Kiowa and a doctoral candidate in cultural anthropology at The University of New Mexico. Frank has been doing extensive research on foods, especially the connection between food and culture in American Indian society.

"Frybread has really an interesting history," Frank said, "and from a Native American perspective, it's split.

"On one side they love frybread, they cook it every day, and they consider it a traditional food. (So) I would say yes, it is traditional from the perspective that it's been around for 150 years."

But there's now a second wave of reaction to frybread that Frank calls the "resistance."

"Because diabetes is rampant - as high as 90 percent on some reservations, primarily Type II - the diet has deviated so far from its origins that people are very concerned," Frank said.

She also points out that frybread has become symbolic of some Native health problems even if it's not necessarily the primary cause of those conditions.

"My prediction," Frank said, "is we're going to see frybread become iconic. There used to be T-shirts that said 'Frybread power.' Now there are T-shirts with a red circle with a line through it (meaning) 'No frybread.' We want to be healthy."

The reintroduction of traditional foods such as cacti, beans, corn and pinocha, as well as an increase in activity associated with farming those foods, could be key to turning the American Indian diabetes epidemic around, Frank said.

"When you reintroduce traditional food," she said, "it brings back all the culture associated with the indigenous food, which is as vitally important as the food itself. Not only is the food important from a health standard, but all the group activities have been given new life, things that have almost disappeared - a renewal of old traditions that have cultural importance."

Moderation, modification
In small amounts, contemporary versions of frybread - topped with cinnamon and powdered sugar or honey or chile and beans - are a recipe for pure heaven. In larger amounts, the dinner-plate sized delight has been linked to obesity on reservations.

There are ways to reduce the fat content - by frying the bread discs in vegetable oil, for example. Some feel that nothing is as tasty as the original lard-fried version, but Begay-Foss insists it can be just as good made with corn or vegetable oil.

"The trick is to have really hot oil - the bread absorbs the grease if you don't. I've been out on the reservation where people have put blue cornmeal in the dough," she said. "I think there are some people looking at changing the recipe so it's a little healthier."

Begay-Foss also points out, however, that frybread cannot be blamed for everything; there is a strong junk-food culture on many reservations, she said.

"People who are at risk with diabetes should try and avoid these kinds of foods," she said.

Not going away
Both Begay-Foss and Frank hope American Indians will reintroduce healthier Native foods into their diets rather than banish frybread and blame it for health problems that are probably caused by a larger  pattern of poor nutrition and high junk-food consumption.

"(Frybread) has become a traditional food," Begay-Foss said, "even though it wasn't one prior to the 1800s. But things change with time, and now it is a traditional food."

Given the considerable persuasive powers of a warm, sugary piece of frybread and its deeply entrenched position in American Indian culture, it's doubtful that large numbers of American Indians will abstain as Harjo advocates.

Both Frank and Begay-Foss say that, eaten once in a while, frybread can satisfy the human craving for fat, salt and sugar like nothing else.

"We go to a lot of social things," Begay-Foss said. "The frybread's there; it's not going away. It has a lot of cultural value: You mention the word 'frybread,' and you think of being somewhere on the reservation. ... But people have to do it in moderation."

Recipes
The following recipes are excerpted from Food of the Southwest Indian Nations: Traditional and Contemporary Native American Recipes by Lois Ellen Frank (10 Speed Press, 2002):

You can serve frybread plain, with powdered sugar sprinkled on it, or made into an Indian Taco (recipes below). "Either way, it's delicious," Frank writes.

INDIAN FRYBREAD
(Makes 16 breads)

4 cups flour
2 tablespoons baking powder
1 teaspoon salt
2 cups warm water
Vegetable oil or shortening, melted, for frying

Mix the flour, baking powder and salt in a large bowl. Gradually stir in the water until the dough becomes soft and pliable without sticking to the bowl.  Knead the dough on a lightly floured surface or in the bowl for 5 minutes, folding the outer edges of the dough toward the center.  Return the dough to the bowl, cover with a clean towel and let rest for 30 minutes to allow it to rise.

Shape the dough into egg-sized balls and roll out to a thickness of 1/2 inch (or thinner, for crispier bread) on a lightly floured board. It is traditional to use your hands, but a rolling pin can be used as well.  Try it with your hands and then, if you are having difficulty, roll the dough out.

Place a piece of dough between your hands and pat it from hand to hand as you would a tortilla or pizza dough until it has stretched to 8 to 12 inches in diameter. Repeat with the rest of the dough.

With your finger, poke a small hole in the center of each piece to prevent bursting during frying.

Pour about 11/2 inches of oil into a large frying pan or saucepan (the saucepan's greater depth will prevent the oil from splattering) and heat over medium heat until the oil is hot but not smoking.

Carefully place a piece of the dough in the hot oil, slipping it in gently to avoid splattering. Cook until the dough turns golden brown and puffs. Turn over with two forks and cook until both sides are golden brown.

Remove and drain on paper towels until the excess oil is absorbed.  Repeat this with each piece of dough. Keep warm between two clean kitchen towels in the oven set on low. Serve immediately.

 

INDIAN TACOS

"The Indian Taco has become one of today's best-known Native American dishes," Frank writes. "It is served at national fairs, intertribal powwows, and community events, both on the reservations and in urban areas. Its base, unlike the more familiar Mexican-style taco, is a piece of frybread."

TRADITIONAL VERSION
(serves 6)

1 cup dried pinto beans
4 green New Mexico or Anaheim chiles
1 tablespoon olive oil
1 onion, coarsely chopped
1 pound lean ground beef
1 teaspoon salt
6 pieces Indian frybread
2 cups lettuce, shredded
2 tomatoes, diced
2 cups grated cheddar cheese

To prepare the pinto beans, soak them overnight in water to cover. The next day, drain the beans and place them in a saucepan with fresh water to cover. Bring to a boil, decrease the heat and let the beans simmer until the skins break and the beans are soft, about 3 hours. It may be necessary to add water as the beans cook to prevent them from burning and sticking. After the beans are cooked, remove from the heat and set aside. You should have about 2 cups of cooked beans.

While the beans are cooking, roast, peel, seed and de-vein the chilies and then chop them.

In a skillet over medium-high heat, add the oil and sauté the onion for 3 minutes until translucent, then add the ground beef and cook for another 5 to 6 minutes, until the meat has browned. Pour off any fat. Add the beans, chiles and salt and decrease heat and cook for another 5 minutes. Remove from the heat and set aside.

Make the frybread according to the recipe and set aside.

Reheat the meat, bean and chile mixture so it is warm and begin building your tacos. Place some of the meat, bean and chile mixture, about 1 cup, on top of each piece of frybread. Place some lettuce, diced tomatoes and grated cheese on top of the meat, bean and chile mixture. Serve immediately.

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INDIAN TACOS

"This version of the Indian Taco includes ingredients that you will not see in the traditional version," Frank writes, "except for its frybread base." The recipe calls for anasazi beans instead of the traditional pinto beans - but you can substitute pintos if you cannot find anasazis, which are usually available at Santa Fe's natural foods markets.

Indian Tacos:  Modern Version
(Serves 6)

11/2 cups dried anasazi beans
6 green New Mexico or Anaheim chiles
1 large red bell pepper
6 pieces Indian frybread
11/2 cups mâche or arugula, washed and stemmed
1 large ripe red tomato, sliced
2 ripe avocados, halved and sliced
1 red onion, thinly sliced
1 bunch red radishes, sliced
18 golden yellow plum tomatoes, halved

To prepare the anasazi beans, soak them overnight in water to cover. The next day, drain the beans and place them in a saucepan with fresh water to cover. Bring to a boil, decrease the heat, and let the beans simmer until the skins break and the beans are soft, about 3 hours. It may be necessary to add water as the beans cook to prevent them from burning
and sticking. After the beans are cooked, remove from the heat and set aside. You should have about 3 cups of cooked beans.

While the beans are cooking, roast, seed and devein the chiles and the red bell pepper. Leave the green chiles whole; slice the red bell pepper lengthwise into small strips.

Make the frybread according to the recipe and set aside.

Reheat the beans so they are warm and begin building your tacos. Place 1/2 cup cooked beans on each piece of frybread. For each taco, add 1/4 cup mâche, followed by a red tomato slice; add 4 slices avocado and 1 slice red onion separated into rings; follow with radish slices and 6 golden yellow plum tomato halves; and top with 1 roasted green chile and 2 slices roasted red bell pepper.

You can vary the toppings and the order in which the taco is built.  Serve immediately.

 

Links to  Native Women's Sites

Colonize this!
Order site for "Young Wornen of Colour" --including Kahente Horn-Miller -- a book which address today's feminism

Canadian Women's Internet Directory
A link to the Aboriginal Women's page of this site.

Daughters of Native America
A billboard for the listserv for Native Women engaged in the struggle for survival of Native peoples.

Encyclopedia of Native American Women
A valuable resource for biographies of 100 significant Native North American women.

First Nation's Women
A set of links relating to Native Women in Canada on the University of British Columbia site.

Inuit Women's Association 

The national organization of Inuit Women in Canada.

Metis National Council of Women vs. The Queen
The decision on the MNCW suit to share employment funding.

Native Women's Association of Canada
Homepage of the national representative organization for Native women in Canada 

Native Women in the Arts
An arts organization for First Nations, Metis, and Inuit women who share the common interest of culture and art.

National Aboriginal Women's Association
A contact page with notices for meetings re FNG legislation for women only.

Presentation to the United Nations

Text of Presentation to the United Nations July 18, 1995 by Carol Jacobs, Cayuga Bear Clan Mother, Akwesasne Notes, Fall 1995. 

Woman Spirit by Julia White

Brief description of a dozen native women who have left their mark on North American history.